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Analysis
of small ruminants’ pastoral management practices as risk factors of
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) spread in
Turkana District, Kenya |
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Kihu S.M*1,2, Gachohi J.M.3,4, Gitao C.G.1,
Bebora L.C.1, Njenga M.J.1, Wairire G.G.5
Maingi N.1 and
R.G. Wahome1
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1Faculty of veterinary
medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625 Uthiru; 2Vetworks
Eastern Africa, P.O. Box
10431-00200 Nairobi; 3Kenya Agricultural Research Institute-
Trypanosomiasis Research Centre (KARI-TRC) P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, 00902;
4International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) P.O. Box
30709, 00100 Nairobi; 5Faculty of Arts, University of
Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197- 00100 Nairobi
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Abstract |
Peste des petits ruminants
(PPR) is an emerging viral disease spreading throughout Kenya and East Africa
causing major losses in the small stock. This study is an attempt to
evaluate small stock management practices in Turkana pastoral system, Kenya as
predictors of PPR outbreaks. Information on the social practices and the
occurrence of PPR outbreaks was obtained by participatory techniques.
The small stock management practices, evaluated as factors, in a
previous study were simultaneously analyzed with seasons and
administrative divisions as the independent risk factors for the
presence or absence of PPR outbreaks in 142 Adakars (villages) as
the dependent variable. Analyses were carried out for the years 2009 and
2010 combined as one data set and considered as longitudinal repeated
data. In the analyses, the presence or absence of PPR outbreaks was the
dependent variable. Data were further analyzed separately disaggregated
by season where the presence or absence of PPR outbreaks in a season was
considered as the dependent variable. All analyses utilized
multivariable logistical regression analyses.
In the longitudinal analysis, season was the only significant
factor associated with PPR outbreak. Disaggregating the data by season
revealed that certain seasonal-specific livestock management activities
increased the risk of reporting PPR outbreaks: (1) sharing water sources
leading to social aggregation of young stock in one point (Factor 3)
(odds ratio (OR) = 2.0) in season 2 (wet season) of 2009; (2) sick dams
left to nurse their young kids/lambs (Factor 7) (OR=1.62) in the same
season in 2010. The finding of diverse risk factors in the same seasons
across years suggests temporal heterogeneity in the distribution and
occurrence of the determinants of PPR in the Turkana ecosystem. The
study discusses the implications of these findings on disease control.
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Keywords:
Participatory risk assessment, social ecology, temporal heterogeneity,
Peste des petits ruminants, Turkana |
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To cite this article:
Kihu SM, JM Gachohi, CG
Gitao, LC Bebora, JM Njenga, GG Wairire, N Maingi and RG Wahome, 2013.
Analysis of small ruminants’ pastoral management
practices as risk factors of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) spread in Turkana District, Kenya.
Res.
Opin.
Anim. Vet. Sci., 3(9), 303-314. |
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