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PRINT: ISSN 2221-1896
ONLINE : ISSN 2223-0343
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Avian
chlamydiosis (psittacosis / ornithosis): diagnosis, prevention and
control, and its zoonotic concerns |
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Kuldeep Dhama1*,
Sandip Chakraborty2, Ruchi Tiwari3 and Shambhu
Dayal Singh4
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1,4Avian
Diseases Section, Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research
Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (UP) – 243122; 2Animal
Resources Development Department, Pt. Nehru Complex, Agartala, Tripura –
799006;
3Department of Veterinary
Microbiology and Immunology, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay
Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidhyalaya EVam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan
(DUVASU), Mathura (U.P.) – 281001
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Abstract |
Chlamydiosis is a
contagious disease of pet birds and poultry, having zoonotic
implications caused by a bacterium Chlamydophila
psittaci.
In domestic and pet birds, Chlamydophila psittaci causes
chlamydiosis often referred to as psittacosis or ornithosis or Parrot
fever having a significant public health impact. A special feature of
Chlamydophila is that it has a biphasic life cycle existing as
elementary, reticulate and intermediate bodies. Young birds are
generally more susceptible. The organisms are shed in the nasal and
ocular secretions. Fecal material or feather dust is resistant to drying
and can act as source of infection. Vertical transmission through eggs
has been described for ducks and chickens; turkeys and a number of wild
birds. Pneumonia is a constant feature and lesions involve multiple
organs. A short lived immunity to infection develops. The major outer
membrane protein (MOMP) is immunodominant in nature and has a protective
role in immunity. Usual diagnosis is based on the isolation of the
organism in chicken embryo and cell lines and staining with special
stains like Gimenez; Castaneda or Macchiavello’s. A wide variety of
serological techniques including enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA); immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase; agglutination tests
are available. The advent of molecular techniques including polymerase
chain reaction (PCR); restriction fragment length polymorphism and
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing has greatly aided in the
diagnosis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and major outer membrane protein
(MOMP); OmpA; pmp-gene and Dna-K
like protein are the main targets for serological as well as molecular
detection techniques. Psittacosis in human is a disease of increasing
concern and occurs in both sporadic as well as epidemic forms.
Psittacines, pigeons and turkeys mainly transmit the disease. Elementary
bodies (EB) are major source of human infection. Inactivated vaccines
are used generally as there are chances of carrier infection with live
vaccines and require multiple administration. Recently, DNA vaccines and
ovotransferrin therapy have gained popularity. Strict hygiene and
sanitation along with public awareness are essential to prevent the
disease. The present review
describes the avian chlamydiosis in detail focusing on the etiological
agent, the disease and its epidemiology, and the trends in diagnosis,
prevention, treatment and control along with its public health concerns.
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Keywords:
Avian chlamydiosis;
psittacosis;
Chlamydophila
psittaci;
poultry, zoonosis |
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To cite this article:
Dhama
K, S Chakraborty, R Tiwari and SD Singh, 2013.
Avian chlamydiosis (psittacosis / ornithosis): diagnosis, prevention and
control, and its zoonotic concerns.
Res.
Opin. Anim. Vet. Sci., 3(6), 157-169. |
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